/***************************************************************************** * mc.c: motion compensation ***************************************************************************** * Copyright (C) 2003-2022 x264 project * * Authors: Laurent Aimar * Loren Merritt * * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by * the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or * (at your option) any later version. * * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the * GNU General Public License for more details. * * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software * Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02111, USA. * * This program is also available under a commercial proprietary license. * For more information, contact us at licensing@x264.com. *****************************************************************************/ #include "common.h" #if HAVE_MMX #include "x86/mc.h" #endif #if HAVE_ALTIVEC #include "ppc/mc.h" #endif #if HAVE_ARMV6 #include "arm/mc.h" #endif #if HAVE_AARCH64 #include "aarch64/mc.h" #endif #if HAVE_MSA #include "mips/mc.h" #endif static inline void pixel_avg( pixel *dst, intptr_t i_dst_stride, pixel *src1, intptr_t i_src1_stride, pixel *src2, intptr_t i_src2_stride, int i_width, int i_height ) { for( int y = 0; y < i_height; y++ ) { for( int x = 0; x < i_width; x++ ) dst[x] = ( src1[x] + src2[x] + 1 ) >> 1; dst += i_dst_stride; src1 += i_src1_stride; src2 += i_src2_stride; } } static inline void pixel_avg_wxh( pixel *dst, intptr_t i_dst, pixel *src1, intptr_t i_src1, pixel *src2, intptr_t i_src2, int width, int height ) { for( int y = 0; y < height; y++ ) { for( int x = 0; x < width; x++ ) dst[x] = ( src1[x] + src2[x] + 1 ) >> 1; src1 += i_src1; src2 += i_src2; dst += i_dst; } } /* Implicit weighted bipred only: * assumes log2_denom = 5, offset = 0, weight1 + weight2 = 64 */ static inline void pixel_avg_weight_wxh( pixel *dst, intptr_t i_dst, pixel *src1, intptr_t i_src1, pixel *src2, intptr_t i_src2, int width, int height, int i_weight1 ) { int i_weight2 = 64 - i_weight1; for( int y = 0; y> 6 ); } #undef op_scale2 #define PIXEL_AVG_C( name, width, height ) \ static void name( pixel *pix1, intptr_t i_stride_pix1, \ pixel *pix2, intptr_t i_stride_pix2, \ pixel *pix3, intptr_t i_stride_pix3, int weight ) \ { \ if( weight == 32 ) \ pixel_avg_wxh( pix1, i_stride_pix1, pix2, i_stride_pix2, pix3, i_stride_pix3, width, height ); \ else \ pixel_avg_weight_wxh( pix1, i_stride_pix1, pix2, i_stride_pix2, pix3, i_stride_pix3, width, height, weight ); \ } PIXEL_AVG_C( pixel_avg_16x16, 16, 16 ) PIXEL_AVG_C( pixel_avg_16x8, 16, 8 ) PIXEL_AVG_C( pixel_avg_8x16, 8, 16 ) PIXEL_AVG_C( pixel_avg_8x8, 8, 8 ) PIXEL_AVG_C( pixel_avg_8x4, 8, 4 ) PIXEL_AVG_C( pixel_avg_4x16, 4, 16 ) PIXEL_AVG_C( pixel_avg_4x8, 4, 8 ) PIXEL_AVG_C( pixel_avg_4x4, 4, 4 ) PIXEL_AVG_C( pixel_avg_4x2, 4, 2 ) PIXEL_AVG_C( pixel_avg_2x8, 2, 8 ) PIXEL_AVG_C( pixel_avg_2x4, 2, 4 ) PIXEL_AVG_C( pixel_avg_2x2, 2, 2 ) static void weight_cache( x264_t *h, x264_weight_t *w ) { w->weightfn = h->mc.weight; } #define opscale(x) dst[x] = x264_clip_pixel( ((src[x] * scale + (1<<(denom - 1))) >> denom) + offset ) #define opscale_noden(x) dst[x] = x264_clip_pixel( src[x] * scale + offset ) static void mc_weight( pixel *dst, intptr_t i_dst_stride, pixel *src, intptr_t i_src_stride, const x264_weight_t *weight, int i_width, int i_height ) { int offset = weight->i_offset * (1 << (BIT_DEPTH-8)); int scale = weight->i_scale; int denom = weight->i_denom; if( denom >= 1 ) { for( int y = 0; y < i_height; y++, dst += i_dst_stride, src += i_src_stride ) for( int x = 0; x < i_width; x++ ) opscale( x ); } else { for( int y = 0; y < i_height; y++, dst += i_dst_stride, src += i_src_stride ) for( int x = 0; x < i_width; x++ ) opscale_noden( x ); } } #define MC_WEIGHT_C( name, width ) \ static void name( pixel *dst, intptr_t i_dst_stride, pixel *src, intptr_t i_src_stride, const x264_weight_t *weight, int height ) \ { \ mc_weight( dst, i_dst_stride, src, i_src_stride, weight, width, height );\ } MC_WEIGHT_C( mc_weight_w20, 20 ) MC_WEIGHT_C( mc_weight_w16, 16 ) MC_WEIGHT_C( mc_weight_w12, 12 ) MC_WEIGHT_C( mc_weight_w8, 8 ) MC_WEIGHT_C( mc_weight_w4, 4 ) MC_WEIGHT_C( mc_weight_w2, 2 ) static weight_fn_t mc_weight_wtab[6] = { mc_weight_w2, mc_weight_w4, mc_weight_w8, mc_weight_w12, mc_weight_w16, mc_weight_w20, }; static void mc_copy( pixel *src, intptr_t i_src_stride, pixel *dst, intptr_t i_dst_stride, int i_width, int i_height ) { for( int y = 0; y < i_height; y++ ) { memcpy( dst, src, i_width * SIZEOF_PIXEL ); src += i_src_stride; dst += i_dst_stride; } } #define TAPFILTER(pix, d) ((pix)[x-2*d] + (pix)[x+3*d] - 5*((pix)[x-d] + (pix)[x+2*d]) + 20*((pix)[x] + (pix)[x+d])) static void hpel_filter( pixel *dsth, pixel *dstv, pixel *dstc, pixel *src, intptr_t stride, int width, int height, int16_t *buf ) { const int pad = (BIT_DEPTH > 9) ? (-10 * PIXEL_MAX) : 0; for( int y = 0; y < height; y++ ) { for( int x = -2; x < width+3; x++ ) { int v = TAPFILTER(src,stride); dstv[x] = x264_clip_pixel( (v + 16) >> 5 ); /* transform v for storage in a 16-bit integer */ buf[x+2] = v + pad; } for( int x = 0; x < width; x++ ) dstc[x] = x264_clip_pixel( (TAPFILTER(buf+2,1) - 32*pad + 512) >> 10 ); for( int x = 0; x < width; x++ ) dsth[x] = x264_clip_pixel( (TAPFILTER(src,1) + 16) >> 5 ); dsth += stride; dstv += stride; dstc += stride; src += stride; } } static void mc_luma( pixel *dst, intptr_t i_dst_stride, pixel *src[4], intptr_t i_src_stride, int mvx, int mvy, int i_width, int i_height, const x264_weight_t *weight ) { int qpel_idx = ((mvy&3)<<2) + (mvx&3); int offset = (mvy>>2)*i_src_stride + (mvx>>2); pixel *src1 = src[x264_hpel_ref0[qpel_idx]] + offset + ((mvy&3) == 3) * i_src_stride; if( qpel_idx & 5 ) /* qpel interpolation needed */ { pixel *src2 = src[x264_hpel_ref1[qpel_idx]] + offset + ((mvx&3) == 3); pixel_avg( dst, i_dst_stride, src1, i_src_stride, src2, i_src_stride, i_width, i_height ); if( weight->weightfn ) mc_weight( dst, i_dst_stride, dst, i_dst_stride, weight, i_width, i_height ); } else if( weight->weightfn ) mc_weight( dst, i_dst_stride, src1, i_src_stride, weight, i_width, i_height ); else mc_copy( src1, i_src_stride, dst, i_dst_stride, i_width, i_height ); } static pixel *get_ref( pixel *dst, intptr_t *i_dst_stride, pixel *src[4], intptr_t i_src_stride, int mvx, int mvy, int i_width, int i_height, const x264_weight_t *weight ) { int qpel_idx = ((mvy&3)<<2) + (mvx&3); int offset = (mvy>>2)*i_src_stride + (mvx>>2); pixel *src1 = src[x264_hpel_ref0[qpel_idx]] + offset + ((mvy&3) == 3) * i_src_stride; if( qpel_idx & 5 ) /* qpel interpolation needed */ { pixel *src2 = src[x264_hpel_ref1[qpel_idx]] + offset + ((mvx&3) == 3); pixel_avg( dst, *i_dst_stride, src1, i_src_stride, src2, i_src_stride, i_width, i_height ); if( weight->weightfn ) mc_weight( dst, *i_dst_stride, dst, *i_dst_stride, weight, i_width, i_height ); return dst; } else if( weight->weightfn ) { mc_weight( dst, *i_dst_stride, src1, i_src_stride, weight, i_width, i_height ); return dst; } else { *i_dst_stride = i_src_stride; return src1; } } /* full chroma mc (ie until 1/8 pixel)*/ static void mc_chroma( pixel *dstu, pixel *dstv, intptr_t i_dst_stride, pixel *src, intptr_t i_src_stride, int mvx, int mvy, int i_width, int i_height ) { pixel *srcp; int d8x = mvx&0x07; int d8y = mvy&0x07; int cA = (8-d8x)*(8-d8y); int cB = d8x *(8-d8y); int cC = (8-d8x)*d8y; int cD = d8x *d8y; src += (mvy >> 3) * i_src_stride + (mvx >> 3)*2; srcp = &src[i_src_stride]; for( int y = 0; y < i_height; y++ ) { for( int x = 0; x < i_width; x++ ) { dstu[x] = ( cA*src[2*x] + cB*src[2*x+2] + cC*srcp[2*x] + cD*srcp[2*x+2] + 32 ) >> 6; dstv[x] = ( cA*src[2*x+1] + cB*src[2*x+3] + cC*srcp[2*x+1] + cD*srcp[2*x+3] + 32 ) >> 6; } dstu += i_dst_stride; dstv += i_dst_stride; src = srcp; srcp += i_src_stride; } } #define MC_COPY(W) \ static void mc_copy_w##W( pixel *dst, intptr_t i_dst, pixel *src, intptr_t i_src, int i_height ) \ { \ mc_copy( src, i_src, dst, i_dst, W, i_height ); \ } MC_COPY( 16 ) MC_COPY( 8 ) MC_COPY( 4 ) void x264_plane_copy_c( pixel *dst, intptr_t i_dst, pixel *src, intptr_t i_src, int w, int h ) { while( h-- ) { memcpy( dst, src, w * SIZEOF_PIXEL ); dst += i_dst; src += i_src; } } void x264_plane_copy_swap_c( pixel *dst, intptr_t i_dst, pixel *src, intptr_t i_src, int w, int h ) { for( int y=0; y>8)&0xff00) + (x>>24); } #else #define v210_endian_fix32(x) (x) #endif static void plane_copy_deinterleave_v210_c( pixel *dsty, intptr_t i_dsty, pixel *dstc, intptr_t i_dstc, uint32_t *src, intptr_t i_src, int w, int h ) { for( int l = 0; l < h; l++ ) { pixel *dsty0 = dsty; pixel *dstc0 = dstc; uint32_t *src0 = src; for( int n = 0; n < w; n += 3 ) { uint32_t s = v210_endian_fix32( *src0++ ); *dstc0++ = s & 0x03FF; *dsty0++ = (s >> 10) & 0x03FF; *dstc0++ = (s >> 20) & 0x03FF; s = v210_endian_fix32( *src0++ ); *dsty0++ = s & 0x03FF; *dstc0++ = (s >> 10) & 0x03FF; *dsty0++ = (s >> 20) & 0x03FF; } dsty += i_dsty; dstc += i_dstc; src += i_src; } } static void store_interleave_chroma( pixel *dst, intptr_t i_dst, pixel *srcu, pixel *srcv, int height ) { for( int y=0; yplane[0]; int i_stride = frame->i_stride[0]; int i_height = frame->i_lines[0]; int i_width = frame->i_width[0]; // duplicate last row and column so that their interpolation doesn't have to be special-cased for( int y = 0; y < i_height; y++ ) src[i_width+y*i_stride] = src[i_width-1+y*i_stride]; memcpy( src+i_stride*i_height, src+i_stride*(i_height-1), (i_width+1) * SIZEOF_PIXEL ); h->mc.frame_init_lowres_core( src, frame->lowres[0], frame->lowres[1], frame->lowres[2], frame->lowres[3], i_stride, frame->i_stride_lowres, frame->i_width_lowres, frame->i_lines_lowres ); x264_frame_expand_border_lowres( frame ); memset( frame->i_cost_est, -1, sizeof(frame->i_cost_est) ); for( int y = 0; y < h->param.i_bframe + 2; y++ ) for( int x = 0; x < h->param.i_bframe + 2; x++ ) frame->i_row_satds[y][x][0] = -1; for( int y = 0; y <= !!h->param.i_bframe; y++ ) for( int x = 0; x <= h->param.i_bframe; x++ ) frame->lowres_mvs[y][x][0][0] = 0x7FFF; } static void frame_init_lowres_core( pixel *src0, pixel *dst0, pixel *dsth, pixel *dstv, pixel *dstc, intptr_t src_stride, intptr_t dst_stride, int width, int height ) { for( int y = 0; y < height; y++ ) { pixel *src1 = src0+src_stride; pixel *src2 = src1+src_stride; for( int x = 0; x>1)+((c+d+1)>>1)+1)>>1) dst0[x] = FILTER(src0[2*x ], src1[2*x ], src0[2*x+1], src1[2*x+1]); dsth[x] = FILTER(src0[2*x+1], src1[2*x+1], src0[2*x+2], src1[2*x+2]); dstv[x] = FILTER(src1[2*x ], src2[2*x ], src1[2*x+1], src2[2*x+1]); dstc[x] = FILTER(src1[2*x+1], src2[2*x+1], src1[2*x+2], src2[2*x+2]); #undef FILTER } src0 += src_stride*2; dst0 += dst_stride; dsth += dst_stride; dstv += dst_stride; dstc += dst_stride; } } /* Estimate the total amount of influence on future quality that could be had if we * were to improve the reference samples used to inter predict any given macroblock. */ static void mbtree_propagate_cost( int16_t *dst, uint16_t *propagate_in, uint16_t *intra_costs, uint16_t *inter_costs, uint16_t *inv_qscales, float *fps_factor, int len ) { float fps = *fps_factor; for( int i = 0; i < len; i++ ) { int intra_cost = intra_costs[i]; int inter_cost = X264_MIN(intra_costs[i], inter_costs[i] & LOWRES_COST_MASK); float propagate_intra = intra_cost * inv_qscales[i]; float propagate_amount = propagate_in[i] + propagate_intra*fps; float propagate_num = intra_cost - inter_cost; float propagate_denom = intra_cost; dst[i] = X264_MIN((int)(propagate_amount * propagate_num / propagate_denom + 0.5f), 32767); } } static void mbtree_propagate_list( x264_t *h, uint16_t *ref_costs, int16_t (*mvs)[2], int16_t *propagate_amount, uint16_t *lowres_costs, int bipred_weight, int mb_y, int len, int list ) { unsigned stride = h->mb.i_mb_stride; unsigned width = h->mb.i_mb_width; unsigned height = h->mb.i_mb_height; for( int i = 0; i < len; i++ ) { int lists_used = lowres_costs[i]>>LOWRES_COST_SHIFT; if( !(lists_used & (1 << list)) ) continue; int listamount = propagate_amount[i]; /* Apply bipred weighting. */ if( lists_used == 3 ) listamount = (listamount * bipred_weight + 32) >> 6; /* Early termination for simple case of mv0. */ if( !M32( mvs[i] ) ) { MC_CLIP_ADD( ref_costs[mb_y*stride + i], listamount ); continue; } int x = mvs[i][0]; int y = mvs[i][1]; unsigned mbx = (unsigned)((x>>5)+i); unsigned mby = (unsigned)((y>>5)+mb_y); unsigned idx0 = mbx + mby * stride; unsigned idx2 = idx0 + stride; x &= 31; y &= 31; int idx0weight = (32-y)*(32-x); int idx1weight = (32-y)*x; int idx2weight = y*(32-x); int idx3weight = y*x; idx0weight = (idx0weight * listamount + 512) >> 10; idx1weight = (idx1weight * listamount + 512) >> 10; idx2weight = (idx2weight * listamount + 512) >> 10; idx3weight = (idx3weight * listamount + 512) >> 10; if( mbx < width-1 && mby < height-1 ) { MC_CLIP_ADD( ref_costs[idx0+0], idx0weight ); MC_CLIP_ADD( ref_costs[idx0+1], idx1weight ); MC_CLIP_ADD( ref_costs[idx2+0], idx2weight ); MC_CLIP_ADD( ref_costs[idx2+1], idx3weight ); } else { /* Note: this takes advantage of unsigned representation to * catch negative mbx/mby. */ if( mby < height ) { if( mbx < width ) MC_CLIP_ADD( ref_costs[idx0+0], idx0weight ); if( mbx+1 < width ) MC_CLIP_ADD( ref_costs[idx0+1], idx1weight ); } if( mby+1 < height ) { if( mbx < width ) MC_CLIP_ADD( ref_costs[idx2+0], idx2weight ); if( mbx+1 < width ) MC_CLIP_ADD( ref_costs[idx2+1], idx3weight ); } } } } /* Conversion between float and Q8.8 fixed point (big-endian) for storage */ static void mbtree_fix8_pack( uint16_t *dst, float *src, int count ) { for( int i = 0; i < count; i++ ) dst[i] = endian_fix16( (int16_t)(src[i] * 256.0f) ); } static void mbtree_fix8_unpack( float *dst, uint16_t *src, int count ) { for( int i = 0; i < count; i++ ) dst[i] = (int16_t)endian_fix16( src[i] ) * (1.0f/256.0f); } void x264_mc_init( uint32_t cpu, x264_mc_functions_t *pf, int cpu_independent ) { pf->mc_luma = mc_luma; pf->get_ref = get_ref; pf->mc_chroma = mc_chroma; pf->avg[PIXEL_16x16]= pixel_avg_16x16; pf->avg[PIXEL_16x8] = pixel_avg_16x8; pf->avg[PIXEL_8x16] = pixel_avg_8x16; pf->avg[PIXEL_8x8] = pixel_avg_8x8; pf->avg[PIXEL_8x4] = pixel_avg_8x4; pf->avg[PIXEL_4x16] = pixel_avg_4x16; pf->avg[PIXEL_4x8] = pixel_avg_4x8; pf->avg[PIXEL_4x4] = pixel_avg_4x4; pf->avg[PIXEL_4x2] = pixel_avg_4x2; pf->avg[PIXEL_2x8] = pixel_avg_2x8; pf->avg[PIXEL_2x4] = pixel_avg_2x4; pf->avg[PIXEL_2x2] = pixel_avg_2x2; pf->weight = mc_weight_wtab; pf->offsetadd = mc_weight_wtab; pf->offsetsub = mc_weight_wtab; pf->weight_cache = weight_cache; pf->copy_16x16_unaligned = mc_copy_w16; pf->copy[PIXEL_16x16] = mc_copy_w16; pf->copy[PIXEL_8x8] = mc_copy_w8; pf->copy[PIXEL_4x4] = mc_copy_w4; pf->store_interleave_chroma = store_interleave_chroma; pf->load_deinterleave_chroma_fenc = load_deinterleave_chroma_fenc; pf->load_deinterleave_chroma_fdec = load_deinterleave_chroma_fdec; pf->plane_copy = x264_plane_copy_c; pf->plane_copy_swap = x264_plane_copy_swap_c; pf->plane_copy_interleave = x264_plane_copy_interleave_c; pf->plane_copy_deinterleave = x264_plane_copy_deinterleave_c; pf->plane_copy_deinterleave_yuyv = x264_plane_copy_deinterleave_c; pf->plane_copy_deinterleave_rgb = plane_copy_deinterleave_rgb_c; pf->plane_copy_deinterleave_v210 = plane_copy_deinterleave_v210_c; pf->hpel_filter = hpel_filter; pf->prefetch_fenc_400 = prefetch_fenc_null; pf->prefetch_fenc_420 = prefetch_fenc_null; pf->prefetch_fenc_422 = prefetch_fenc_null; pf->prefetch_ref = prefetch_ref_null; pf->memcpy_aligned = memcpy; pf->memzero_aligned = memzero_aligned; pf->frame_init_lowres_core = frame_init_lowres_core; pf->integral_init4h = integral_init4h; pf->integral_init8h = integral_init8h; pf->integral_init4v = integral_init4v; pf->integral_init8v = integral_init8v; pf->mbtree_propagate_cost = mbtree_propagate_cost; pf->mbtree_propagate_list = mbtree_propagate_list; pf->mbtree_fix8_pack = mbtree_fix8_pack; pf->mbtree_fix8_unpack = mbtree_fix8_unpack; #if HAVE_MMX x264_mc_init_mmx( cpu, pf ); #endif #if HAVE_ALTIVEC if( cpu&X264_CPU_ALTIVEC ) x264_mc_init_altivec( pf ); #endif #if HAVE_ARMV6 x264_mc_init_arm( cpu, pf ); #endif #if HAVE_AARCH64 x264_mc_init_aarch64( cpu, pf ); #endif #if HAVE_MSA if( cpu&X264_CPU_MSA ) x264_mc_init_mips( cpu, pf ); #endif if( cpu_independent ) { pf->mbtree_propagate_cost = mbtree_propagate_cost; pf->mbtree_propagate_list = mbtree_propagate_list; } } void x264_frame_filter( x264_t *h, x264_frame_t *frame, int mb_y, int b_end ) { const int b_interlaced = PARAM_INTERLACED; int start = mb_y*16 - 8; // buffer = 4 for deblock + 3 for 6tap, rounded to 8 int height = (b_end ? frame->i_lines[0] + 16*PARAM_INTERLACED : (mb_y+b_interlaced)*16) + 8; if( mb_y & b_interlaced ) return; for( int p = 0; p < (CHROMA444 ? 3 : 1); p++ ) { int stride = frame->i_stride[p]; const int width = frame->i_width[p]; int offs = start*stride - 8; // buffer = 3 for 6tap, aligned to 8 for simd if( !b_interlaced || h->mb.b_adaptive_mbaff ) h->mc.hpel_filter( frame->filtered[p][1] + offs, frame->filtered[p][2] + offs, frame->filtered[p][3] + offs, frame->plane[p] + offs, stride, width + 16, height - start, h->scratch_buffer ); if( b_interlaced ) { /* MC must happen between pixels in the same field. */ stride = frame->i_stride[p] << 1; start = (mb_y*16 >> 1) - 8; int height_fld = ((b_end ? frame->i_lines[p] : mb_y*16) >> 1) + 8; offs = start*stride - 8; for( int i = 0; i < 2; i++, offs += frame->i_stride[p] ) { h->mc.hpel_filter( frame->filtered_fld[p][1] + offs, frame->filtered_fld[p][2] + offs, frame->filtered_fld[p][3] + offs, frame->plane_fld[p] + offs, stride, width + 16, height_fld - start, h->scratch_buffer ); } } } /* generate integral image: * frame->integral contains 2 planes. in the upper plane, each element is * the sum of an 8x8 pixel region with top-left corner on that point. * in the lower plane, 4x4 sums (needed only with --partitions p4x4). */ if( frame->integral ) { int stride = frame->i_stride[0]; if( start < 0 ) { memset( frame->integral - PADV * stride - PADH_ALIGN, 0, stride * sizeof(uint16_t) ); start = -PADV; } if( b_end ) height += PADV-9; for( int y = start; y < height; y++ ) { pixel *pix = frame->plane[0] + y * stride - PADH_ALIGN; uint16_t *sum8 = frame->integral + (y+1) * stride - PADH_ALIGN; uint16_t *sum4; if( h->frames.b_have_sub8x8_esa ) { h->mc.integral_init4h( sum8, pix, stride ); sum8 -= 8*stride; sum4 = sum8 + stride * (frame->i_lines[0] + PADV*2); if( y >= 8-PADV ) h->mc.integral_init4v( sum8, sum4, stride ); } else { h->mc.integral_init8h( sum8, pix, stride ); if( y >= 8-PADV ) h->mc.integral_init8v( sum8-8*stride, stride ); } } } }